Agile-IT

Agilité et Lean-IT: penser l'informatique au plus juste

Gestion du flux dans un bureau de poste

décembre 08
by Damien 8. décembre 2010 06:52

IMG_0170[1]Samedi dernier je suis allé chercher un recommandé pour CLT-Services dans mon bureau de poste; j’arrive à midi alors que la Poste ferme à 12h30 mais je suis confiant car j’ai une carte Pro qui donne accès à un guichet prioritaire. Las, le guichet pro est fermé le samedi et la file d’attente s’étend à travers toute le hall qui est pourtant immense. J’interpelle un postier et il m’explique que cette nouvelle organisation est impressionnante mais rapide et que ça ne prendra “pas plus de 10 minutes”.

Je prends donc mon tour dans l’immense serpentin et me prépare mentalement à râler sur mon blog à propos de La Poste qui a le culot de diffuser sur ses écrans des publicités “gagnez du temps avec la carte pro” tout en me faisant faire la queue pendant des heures.

En fait, c’est bien mon postier qui avait raison ; 12 minutes plus tard me voici servi. D’ailleurs le postier m’a reconnu, s’est enquis de mon temps d’attente et s’est excusé pour les 2 minutes de débord. Apparemment j’étais arrivé à la pire heure de la matinée, juste avant la fermeture. J’en ai profité pour lui demander si l’amélioration était patente par rapport à l’ancienne organisation. “Vous auriez attendu plus d’une heure et demie” me répondit-il.

Alors, quelle est l’explication de cette progression fulgurante ?

Le Lean. 

Voici l’organisation précédente :

image

C’est l’organisation classique des files de supermarché, dans laquelle prévaut la bonne vieille règle du “j’ai encore choisi la mauvaise file”.

En fait, aucune mauvaise fée ne jette un sort sur votre file. Vous êtes (j’étais) simplement victime d’une distribution aléatoire des emmerdes (ici en gris): le guichet qui a un problème de PC, le client qui a une question compliquée ou qui veut tout simplement faire une opération financière – ce qui est cinq fois plus long qu’une remise de recommandé. Du coup tous les clients qui suivent le “ralentisseur” (à peu près un sur deux, ceux en rouge) vont piaffer en se disant “je suis maudit des files d’attente”.

La nouvelle organisation est caractéristique des flux Lean : une file unique et un guichet optimisé pour l’écoulement rapide :

image

Comment ça marche ? Devant la ligne jaune, un dispatcher surveille les guichets qui se libèrent; parler de “guichet” devient d’ailleurs inapproprié puisque ce sont des ilots (sur roulettes) équipés d’un poste informatique et qu’utilisent alternativement deux postiers qui sont debout. Lorsque le PC de l’ilot A/B tombe en panne les deux postiers viennent renforcer les ilots C/D et E/F. Par ailleurs, E/F se spécialisent dans les clients lents (services financiers) et ils ont deux postes informatique.

Le dispatcher s’enquiert des opérations que vous êtes venu accomplir et vous dirige : il gère le flux.

Prenons un exemple en supposant que les clients “rapide” (retrait d’un recommandé, affranchissement, achat de timbres…) restent 2 minutes au guichet (ça a été mon cas), tandis que les clients “ralentisseurs” (virement, retrait d’argent…) restent 10 minutes au guichet. Supposons également que les clients arrivent toutes les 30 secondes.

Top départ … le client N°1 s’avance vers A; le PC tombe en panne; et le postier lui dit “venez avec moi” et l’emmène à l’ilot; pendant ce temps le dispatcher a envoyé le client N°2 vers F. Le client N°3 est pris en charge par C, le N°4 est servi par E; le client 5 est traité par D; le N°6 va être servi par A dès qu’il aura fini avec le client N°1, soit 2 minutes après le début de la queue…

Client Type Arrivée   Guichet Servi à Sortie   Temps de traitement Dont attente
1 Normal 0   A en (B/C) 0 2   2 0
2 Lent 0,5   F 0,5 10,5   10 0
3 Normal 1   C 1 3   2 0
4 Lent 1,5   E 1,5 11,5   10 0
5 Normal 2   D 2 4   2 0
6 Normal 2,5   A en (B/C) 2,5 4,5   2 0
7 Normal 3   C 3 5   2 0
8 Normal 3,5   D 4 6   2,5 0,5
9 Normal 4   A en (B/C) 4,5 6,5   2,5 0,5
10 Normal 4,5   C 5 7   2,5 0,5
11 Lent 5   F 10,5 20,5   15,5 5,5
12 Normal 5,5   D 6 8   2,5 0,5
13 Lent 6   E 11,5 21,5   15,5 5,5
14 Normal 6,5   A en (B/C) 6,5 8,5   2 0
15 Normal 7   C 7 9   2 0
16 Normal 7,5   D 8 10   2,5 0,5
17 Normal 8   A en (B/C) 8,5 10,5   2,5 0,5
18 Normal 8,5   C 9 11   2,5 0,5

Au bout de 21 minutes tout le monde sera ressorti du bureau de poste et seuls 2 clients (les N°11 et 13) auront attendus plus d’une minute.

C’est ça le Lean : une sorte de magie contre-intuitive. Parfois une grande file d’attente va beaucoup plus vite que 6 petites.

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